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CoffeeScript

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#e0e0e0;">CoffeeScript</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Multi-paradigm" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-paradigm">Multi-paradigm</a>: <a href="Prototype-based_programming" title="Prototype-based programming">prototype-based</a>, <a href="Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a>, <a href="Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a>, <a href="Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">ECMAScript</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Jeremy_Ashkenas" title="Jeremy Ashkenas">Jeremy Ashkenas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser">same</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">December 13, 2009 (2009-12-13)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">2.7.0<a href="#cite_note-wikidata-8a46862771c9073d71b5485985192cedb12b4b77-v20-1">[1]</a>

/ 24 April 2022 (24 April 2022)</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Dynamic_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic typing">dynamic</a>, <a href="Latent_typing" title="Latent typing">implicit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Scope_(computer_science)" title="Scope (computer science)">Scope</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Scope_(computer_science)" title="Scope (computer science)">lexical</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Implementation language</th><td class="infobox-data">CoffeeScript</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Cross-platform_software" title="Cross-platform software">Cross-platform</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extensions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>.coffee</code>, <code>.litcoffee</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coffeescript.org/">coffeescript.org</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a>, <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>, <a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>, <a href="YAML" title="YAML">YAML</a><a href="#cite_note-smell-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="MoonScript" class="mw-redirect" title="MoonScript">MoonScript</a>, <a href="LiveScript_(programming_language)" title="LiveScript (programming language)">LiveScript</a>, JavaScript</td></tr></tbody></table>

CoffeeScript is a <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> that compiles to <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>. It adds <a href="Syntactic_sugar" title="Syntactic sugar">syntactic sugar</a> inspired by <a href="Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>, <a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, and <a href="Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a> in an effort to enhance JavaScript's brevity and readability.<a href="#cite_note-LittleBookMacCaw-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-LittleBookThomas-5">[5]</a> Some added features include <a href="List_comprehension" title="List comprehension">list comprehension</a> and <a href="Destructuring_assignment" class="mw-redirect" title="Destructuring assignment">destructuring assignment</a>.

CoffeeScript support is included in <a href="Ruby_on_Rails" title="Ruby on Rails">Ruby on Rails</a> version 3.1<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> and <a href="Play_Framework" title="Play Framework">Play Framework</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> In 2011, <a href="Brendan_Eich" title="Brendan Eich">Brendan Eich</a> referenced CoffeeScript as an influence on his thoughts about the future of JavaScript.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

On December 13, 2009, <a href="Jeremy_Ashkenas" title="Jeremy Ashkenas">Jeremy Ashkenas</a> made the first <a href="Git_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Git (software)">Git</a> commit of CoffeeScript with the comment "initial commit of the mystery language".<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The compiler was written in Ruby. On December 24, he made the first tagged and documented release, 0.1.0. On February 21, 2010, he committed version 0.5, which replaced the Ruby compiler with a <a href="Self-hosting_(compilers)" title="Self-hosting (compilers)">self-hosting</a> version in pure CoffeeScript. By that time the project had attracted several other contributors on <a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>, and was receiving over 300 page hits per day.

On December 24, 2010, Ashkenas announced the release of stable 1.0.0 to <a href="Hacker_News" title="Hacker News">Hacker News</a>, the site where the project was announced for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>

On September 18, 2017, version 2.0.0 was introduced,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> which "aims to bring CoffeeScript into the modern JavaScript era, closing gaps in compatibility with JavaScript while preserving the clean syntax that is CoffeeScript's hallmark".

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2></div>

Almost everything is an <a href="Expression_(computer_science)" title="Expression (computer science)">expression</a> in CoffeeScript, for example, <code>if</code>, <code>switch</code> and <code>for</code> expressions (which have no return value in JavaScript) return a value. As in <a href="Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a> and Ruby, these control statements also have postfix versions; for example, <code>if</code> can also be written in <code> consequent if condition</code> form.

Many unnecessary parentheses and braces can be omitted; for example, blocks of code can be denoted by indentation instead of braces, function calls are implicit, and object literals are often detected automatically.

To compute the <a href="Body_mass_index" title="Body mass index">body mass index</a> in <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, one could write:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>let mass = 72;

let height = 1.78;

let BMI = mass / height**2;

if (18.5 <= BMI && BMI < 25) alert('You are healthy!');

</pre></div>

With CoffeeScript the interval is directly described:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-coffeescript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>mass = 72

height = 1.78

BMI = mass / height**2

alert 'You are healthy!' if 18.5 <= BMI < 25

</pre></div>

To compute the <a href="Greatest_common_divisor" title="Greatest common divisor">greatest common divisor</a> of two integers with the <a href="Euclidean_algorithm" title="Euclidean algorithm">Euclidean algorithm</a>, in JavaScript one usually needs a while loop:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>let gcd = (x, y) => {

do {

} while (y !== 0)

return x;

}

</pre></div>

Whereas in CoffeeScript one can use <code>until</code><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> instead:

[x, y] = [y, x%y] until y is 0

x

</pre></div>

The <code>?</code> keyword quickly checks if a variable is <code>null</code> or <code>undefined</code> :

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-coffeescript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>personCheck = ->

if not person? then alert("No person") else alert("Have person")

person = null

personCheck()

person = "Ivan"

personCheck()

</pre></div>

This would alert "No person" if the variable is <code>null</code> or <code>undefined</code> and "Have person" if there is something there.

A common pre-<a href="ES6" class="mw-redirect" title="ES6">ES6</a> JavaScript snippet using the <a href="JQuery" title="JQuery">jQuery</a> library is:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>$(document).ready(function() {

// Initialization code goes here

});

</pre></div>

Or even just:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>$(function() {

// Initialization code goes here

});

</pre></div>

In CoffeeScript, the <code>function</code> keyword is replaced by the <code>-></code> symbol, and indentation is used instead of curly braces, as in other <a href="Off-side_rule" title="Off-side rule">off-side rule</a> languages such as Python and Haskell. Also, parentheses can usually be omitted, using indentation level instead to denote a function or block. Thus, the CoffeeScript equivalent of the snippet above is:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-coffeescript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>$(document).ready ->

# Initialization code goes here

</pre></div>

Or just:

# Initialization code goes here

</pre></div>

Ruby-style string interpolation is included in CoffeeScript. Double-quoted strings allow for interpolated values, using #{ ... }, and single-quoted strings are literal.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-coffeescript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>author = "Wittgenstein"

quote = "A picture is a fact. -- #{ author }"

sentence = "#{ 22 / 7 } is a decent approximation of π"

</pre></div>

Any <a href="For_loop" title="For loop">for loop</a> can be replaced by a <a href="List_comprehension" title="List comprehension">list comprehension</a>; so that to compute the squares of the positive odd numbers smaller than ten (i.e. numbers whose remainder modulo 2 is 1), one can do:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-coffeescript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>alert n*n for n in [1..10] when n%2 is 1

</pre></div>

Alternatively, there is:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-coffeescript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>alert n*n for n in [1..10] by 2

</pre></div>

A <a href="Linear_search" title="Linear search">linear search</a> can be implemented with a one-liner using the when keyword:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-coffeescript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>names = ["Ivan", "Joanna", "Nikolay", "Mihaela"]

linearSearch = (searchName) -> alert(name) for name in names when name is searchName

</pre></div>

The <code>for ... in</code> syntax allows looping over arrays while the <code>for ... of</code> syntax allows looping over objects.

CoffeeScript has been criticized for its unusual <a href="Scope_(computer_science)" title="Scope (computer science)">scoping</a> rules.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In particular, it completely disallows <a href="Variable_shadowing" title="Variable shadowing">variable shadowing</a> which makes reasoning about code more difficult and error-prone in some basic programming patterns established

by and taken for granted since <a href="Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">procedural programming</a> principles were defined.

For example, with the following code snippet in JavaScript

one does not have to look outside the <code>{}</code>-block to know for

sure that no possible <code>foo</code> variable in the outer scope can be

incidentally overridden:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> // ...

function baz() {

var foo = "bar";

console.log(`foo = ${foo}`);

}

// ...

}

</pre></div>

In CoffeeScript there is no way to tell if the scope of a variable is limited to a block or not without looking outside the block.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_and_distribution">Development and distribution</h2></div>

The CoffeeScript compiler has been <a href="Self-hosting_(compilers)" title="Self-hosting (compilers)">self-hosting</a> since version 0.5 and is available as a <a href="Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a> utility; however, the core compiler does not rely on Node.js and can be run in any <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> environment.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> One alternative to the <a href="Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a> utility is the Coffee Maven Plugin, a plugin for the <a href="Apache_Maven" title="Apache Maven">Apache Maven</a> build system. The plugin uses the <a href="Rhino_(JavaScript_engine)" title="Rhino (JavaScript engine)">Rhino</a> JavaScript engine written in <a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>.

The official site at CoffeeScript.org has a "Try CoffeeScript" button in the menu bar; clicking it opens a modal window in which users can enter CoffeeScript, see the JavaScript output, and run it directly in the browser. The js2coffee<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> site provides bi-directional translation.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latest_additions">Latest additions</h2></div>

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<ul><li>Source maps allow users to debug their CoffeeScript code directly, supporting CoffeeScript tracebacks on run time errors.</li>

<li>CoffeeScript supports a form of <a href="Literate_programming" title="Literate programming">literate programming</a>, using the <code>.coffee.md</code> or <code>.litcoffee</code> file extension. This allows the <a href="Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> to be written in <a href="Markdown" title="Markdown">Markdown</a>. The compiler will treat any indented blocks (Markdown's way of indicating source code) as code, and ignore the rest as comments.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extensions">Extensions</h2></div>

Iced CoffeeScript is a superset of CoffeeScript which adds two new keywords: <code>await</code> and <code>defer</code>. These additions simplify asynchronous control flow, making the code look more like a <a href="Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">procedural programming</a> language, eliminating the call-back chain. It can be used on the server side and in the browser.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adoption">Adoption</h2></div>

On September 13, 2012, <a href="Dropbox_(service)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dropbox (service)">Dropbox</a> announced that their browser-side code base had been rewritten from <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> to CoffeeScript,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> however it was migrated to <a href="TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a> in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>

<a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>'s internal style guide once said "write new JS in CoffeeScript", though it no longer does,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> and its <a href="Atom_(text_editor)" title="Atom (text editor)">Atom text editor</a> was also written in the language, with configuration written in <a href="CSON" class="mw-redirect" title="CSON">CSON</a> ("CoffeeScript Object Notation"), a variant of <a href="JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>

<a href="Pixel_Game_Maker_MV" title="Pixel Game Maker MV">Pixel Game Maker MV</a> makes uses of CoffeeScript as part of its game development environment.<a href="#cite_note-CCG-26">[26]</a>

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<li><a href="Nim_(programming_language)" title="Nim (programming language)">Nim (programming language)</a></li>

<li><a href="Amber_Smalltalk" title="Amber Smalltalk">Amber Smalltalk</a></li>

<li><a href="Clojure" title="Clojure">Clojure</a></li>

<li><a href="Dart_(programming_language)" title="Dart (programming language)">Dart (programming language)</a></li>

<li><a href="Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin (programming language)</a></li>

<li><a href="LiveScript_(programming_language)" title="LiveScript (programming language)">LiveScript (programming language)</a></li>

<li><a href="Opa_(programming_language)" title="Opa (programming language)">Opa (programming language)</a></li>

<li><a href="Elm_(programming_language)" title="Elm (programming language)">Elm (programming language)</a></li>

<li><a href="TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a></li>

<li><a href="PureScript" title="PureScript">PureScript</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/jashkenas/coffeescript/releases/tag/2.7.0">"2.7.0"</a>. 24 April 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://coffeescript.org/">https://coffeescript.org/</a> "CoffeeScript borrows chained comparisons from Python"

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<li id="cite_note-smell-3"><a href="#cite_ref-smell_3-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHeller2011" class="citation news cs1">Heller, Martin (October 18, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infoworld.com/article/2078452/turn-up-your-nose-at-dart-and-smell-the-coffeescript.html">"Turn up your nose at Dart and smell the CoffeeScript"</a>. <a href="InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a>. Retrieved 2020-07-15.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-LittleBookMacCaw-4"><a href="#cite_ref-LittleBookMacCaw_4-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMacCaw2012" class="citation book cs1">MacCaw, Alex (28 February 2012). The Little Book on CoffeeScript: The JavaScript Developer's Guide to Building Better Web Apps (1st ed.). <a href="O'Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly Media</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4493-2105-5</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-LittleBookThomas-5"><a href="#cite_ref-LittleBookThomas_5-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFThomas2017" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Lucas (2017). The Little Book on CoffeeScript (1st ed.). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-5472-1072-5</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPeek2011" class="citation web cs1">Peek, Josh (April 13, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/joshpeek/status/58184348742074368">"Tweet by Rails Core Team Member"</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.playframework.com/documentation/2.5.x/AssetsCoffeeScript">"AssetsCoffeeScript - 2.5.x"</a>. www.playframework.com. Retrieved 2016-10-31.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Eich, Brendan. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brendaneich.com/2011/01/harmony-of-my-dreams/">Harmony of My Dreams</a>"

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<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Eich, Brendan. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brendaneich.com/2011/05/my-jsconf-us-presentation/">My JSConf.US Presentation</a>"

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<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Github. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/jashkenas/coffee-script/commit/8e9d637985d2dc9b44922076ad54ffef7fa8e9c2">'initial commit of the mystery language'</a>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Hacker News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=2037801">CoffeeScript 1.0.0 announcement</a> posted by Jeremy Ashkenas on Dec 24, 2010

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<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Hacker News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=1014080">Original CoffeeScript announcement</a> posted by Jeremy Ashkenas on Dec 24, 2009

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<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> coffeescript.org <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coffeescript.org/announcing-coffeescript-2/">Announcing CoffeeScript 2</a>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> CoffeeScript calls this "<a href="Pattern_matching" title="Pattern matching">pattern matching</a>", which is a non-standard use of that term.

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<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coffeescript.org">"Official CoffeeScript Page"</a>. Retrieved 20 November 2013.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lucumr.pocoo.org/2011/12/22/implicit-scoping-in-coffeescript/">"The Problem with Implicit Scoping in CoffeeScript"</a>. Retrieved 2018-10-13.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://donatstudios.com/CoffeeScript-Madness">"CoffeeScript's Scoping is Madness"</a>. 25 July 2013. Retrieved 2018-10-13.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jashkenas.github.com/coffee-script/#installation">CoffeeScript</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120427060308/http://jashkenas.github.com/coffee-script/">Archived</a> 2012-04-27 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Jashkenas.github.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-21.

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<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSta_Cruz" class="citation web cs1">Sta Cruz, Rico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://js2.coffee">"js2coffee"</a>. Retrieved 11 May 2014.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maxtaco.github.io/coffee-script/">"Official IcedCoffeeScript website"</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWheelerMahkovecVarenhorst2012" class="citation web cs1">Wheeler, Dan; Mahkovec, Ziga; Varenhorst, Chris (13 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dropbox.tech/application/dropbox-dives-into-coffeescript">"Dropbox dives into CoffeeScript"</a>. Retrieved 11 May 2013.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2020" class="citation web cs1">Goldstein, David (13 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dropbox.tech/frontend/the-great-coffeescript-to-typescript-migration-of-2017">"The Great CoffeeScript to Typescript Migration of 2017"</a>. Dropbox.Tech. Retrieved 30 June 2020.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130815075924/https://github.com/styleguide/javascript">"JavaScript · Styleguide · GitHub"</a>. Github.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/styleguide/javascript">the original</a> on 2013-08-15. Retrieved 2015-11-30.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/atom/atom">"Atom source code"</a>. <a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>. Retrieved 2021-06-26.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flight-manual.atom-editor.cc/using-atom/sections/basic-customization/#configuring-with-cson">"Basic Customization"</a>. <a href="Atom_(text_editor)" title="Atom (text editor)">Atom</a> Flight Manual. <a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240429181349/https://flight-manual.atom-editor.cc/using-atom/sections/basic-customization/">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-04-29. Retrieved 29 April 2024.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-CCG-26"><a href="#cite_ref-CCG_26-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCullen" class="citation web cs1">Cullen, Daniel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christcenteredgamer.com/reviews/pc-mac/pixel-game-maker-mv-pc">"Pixel Game Maker MV (PC)"</a>. Christ Centered Gaming. Retrieved 15 January 2021.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFLee2014" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Patrick (May 14, 2014). CoffeeScript in Action (1st ed.). <a href="Manning_Publications" title="Manning Publications">Manning Publications</a>. p. 432. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1617290626</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGrosenbach2011" class="citation book cs1">Grosenbach, Geoffrey (May 12, 2011). Meet CoffeeScript (1st ed.). PeepCode.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBates2012" class="citation book cs1">Bates, Mark (May 31, 2012). Programming in CoffeeScript (1st ed.). <a href="Addison-Wesley" title="Addison-Wesley">Addison-Wesley</a>. p. 350. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-321-82010-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBurnham2011" class="citation book cs1">Burnham, Trevor (August 3, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781934356784/page/138">CoffeeScript: Accelerated JavaScript Development</a> (1st ed.). <a href="Pragmatic_Bookshelf" class="mw-redirect" title="Pragmatic Bookshelf">Pragmatic Bookshelf</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781934356784/page/138">138</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1934356784</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coffeescript.org/">Official website</a> </li></ul>

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</style><div id="JavaScript497" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Static_program_analysis" title="Static program analysis">Code analysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ESLint" title="ESLint">ESLint</a></li>

<li><a href="JSHint" title="JSHint">JSHint</a></li>

<li><a href="JSLint" title="JSLint">JSLint</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Subset" title="Subset">Supersets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ArkTS" title="ArkTS">ArkTS</a></li>

<li><a href="TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Source-to-source_compiler" title="Source-to-source compiler">Transpilers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AtScript" title="AtScript">AtScript</a></li>

<li><a href="Babel_(transcompiler)" title="Babel (transcompiler)">Babel</a></li>

<li><a href="ClojureScript" class="mw-redirect" title="ClojureScript">ClojureScript</a></li>

<li><a href="Emscripten" title="Emscripten">Emscripten</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Closure_Compiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Closure Compiler">Google Closure Compiler</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Web_Toolkit" title="Google Web Toolkit">Google Web Toolkit</a></li>

<li><a href="LiveScript_(programming_language)" title="LiveScript (programming language)">LiveScript</a></li>

<li><a href="Morfik" title="Morfik">Morfik</a></li>

<li><a href="PureScript" title="PureScript">PureScript</a></li>

<li><a href="Reason_(programming_language)" title="Reason (programming language)">Reason</a></li>

<li><a href="WebSharper" title="WebSharper">WebSharper</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="JavaScript_library" title="JavaScript library">JavaScript library</a></li>

<li><a href="JavaScript_syntax" title="JavaScript syntax">JavaScript syntax</a></li>

<li><a href="JavaScript_stack" title="JavaScript stack">JavaScript stack</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Debugger" title="Debugger">Debuggers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chrome_(browser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrome (browser)">Chrome DevTools</a></li>

<li><a href="Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a> Inspector</li>

<li><a href="Komodo_IDE" title="Komodo IDE">Komodo IDE</a></li>

<li><a href="Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a> Web Inspector</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Documentation_generator" title="Documentation generator">Documentation generators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="JSDoc" title="JSDoc">JSDoc</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Editors (<a href="Comparison_of_JavaScript-based_source_code_editors" title="Comparison of JavaScript-based source code editors">comparison</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cloud9_IDE" title="Cloud9 IDE">Cloud9 IDE</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="CodeMirror" title="CodeMirror">CodeMirror</a>

<ul><li><a href="Brackets_(text_editor)" title="Brackets (text editor)">Brackets</a></li>

<li><a href="Light_Table_(software)" title="Light Table (software)">Light Table</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="PhpStorm" class="mw-redirect" title="PhpStorm">PhpStorm</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Eclipse_projects#Top-level_sub-projects" title="List of Eclipse projects">Orion</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_Studio" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a>

<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_Visual_Studio_Express" title="Microsoft Visual Studio Express">Visual Studio Express</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Visual_Studio_Code" title="Visual Studio Code">Visual Studio Code</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_Studio#Azure_DevOps_Services" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio Team Services</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="JavaScript_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="JavaScript engine">Engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_ECMAScript_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ECMAScript engines">List of ECMAScript engines</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Software_framework" title="Software framework">Frameworks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_JavaScript-based_web_frameworks" title="Comparison of JavaScript-based web frameworks">Comparison of JavaScript frameworks</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_JavaScript_libraries" title="List of JavaScript libraries">List of JavaScript libraries</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <a href="Technology" title="Technology">technologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="AssemblyScript" title="AssemblyScript">AssemblyScript</a></li>

<li><a href="Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">Cascading Style Sheets</a></li>

<li><a href="Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">Document Object Model</a></li>

<li><a href="WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li>

<li><a href="WebAuthn" title="WebAuthn">WebAuthn</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Package_manager" title="Package manager">Package managers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Module bundlers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Webpack" title="Webpack">Webpack</a></li>

<li><a href="Esbuild" title="Esbuild">esbuild</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Server-side_JavaScript" class="mw-redirect" title="Server-side JavaScript">Server-side</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Active_Server_Pages" title="Active Server Pages">Active Server Pages</a></li>

<li><a href="CommonJS" title="CommonJS">CommonJS</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Unit_testing" title="Unit testing">Unit testing</a> frameworks (<a href="List_of_unit_testing_frameworks#JavaScript" title="List of unit testing frameworks">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jasmine_(software)" title="Jasmine (software)">Jasmine</a></li>

<li><a href="Mocha_(JavaScript_framework)" title="Mocha (JavaScript framework)">Mocha</a></li>

<li><a href="QUnit" title="QUnit">QUnit</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Douglas_Crockford" title="Douglas Crockford">Douglas Crockford</a></li>

<li><a href="Brendan_Eich" title="Brendan Eich">Brendan Eich</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Resig" title="John Resig">John Resig</a></li>

<li><a href="Jesse_James_Garrett" title="Jesse James Garrett">Jesse James Garrett</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Node.js47" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Node.js47" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platform</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="CommonJS" title="CommonJS">CommonJS</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frameworks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="MongoDB" title="MongoDB">MongoDB</a></li>

<li><a href="Express.js" title="Express.js">Express.js</a></li>

<li><a href="AngularJS" title="AngularJS">AngularJS</a>/<a href="Angular_(web_framework)" title="Angular (web framework)">Angular</a></li></ul></li>

<li>MEEN (substituted with <a href="Ember.js" title="Ember.js">Ember.js</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Backbone.js" title="Backbone.js">Backbone.js</a></li>

<li><a href="Fastify" title="Fastify">Fastify</a></li>

<li><a href="Meteor_(web_framework)" title="Meteor (web framework)">Meteor</a></li>

<li><a href="Sails.js" title="Sails.js">Sails.js</a> (uses Express.js)</li>

<li><a href="NestJS" title="NestJS">NestJS</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Libraries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lodash" title="Lodash">Lodash</a></li>

<li><a href="Underscore.js" title="Underscore.js">Underscore.js</a></li>

<li><a href="React.js" class="mw-redirect" title="React.js">React.js</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></li>

<li><a href="TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a></li>

<li><a href="WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a>

<ul><li><a href="AssemblyScript" title="AssemblyScript">AssemblyScript</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Programming_languages625" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Programming_languages625" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_programming_languages" title="Timeline of programming languages">Timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_programming_languages" title="History of programming languages">History</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a>

<ul><li><a href="Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a></li>

<li><a href="BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a>

<ul><li><a href="Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">classic</a></li>

<li><a href="COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a></li>

<li><a href="Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a>

<ul><li><a href="Elixir_(programming_language)" title="Elixir (programming language)">Elixir</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a></li>

<li><a href="Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></li>

<li><a href="Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a></li>

<li><a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></li>

<li><a href="Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li>

<li><a href="Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li>

<li><a href="MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>

<ul><li><a href="Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a></li>

<li><a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></li>

<li><a href="Scratch_(programming_language)" title="Scratch (programming language)">Scratch</a></li>

<li><a href="Shell_script" title="Shell script">Shell</a></li>

<li><a href="Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a></li>

<li><a href="Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Lists: <a href="List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">Alphabetical</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_programming_languages_by_type" title="List of programming languages by type">Categorical</a></li>

<li><a href="Generational_list_of_programming_languages" title="Generational list of programming languages">Generational</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Non-English-based programming languages">Non-English-based</a></li>

<li> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1106819#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata647" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1106819#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata647" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2012001950">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007585904005171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/4e2e2fc5-8634-4c35-aef3-f681c855f717">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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